Turkey Food Safety Tips for the Holidays

The holiday season is a time to gather family and friends around the dinner table to give thanks. But for those preparing the meal, it can be a stressful and can be the largest meal they have cooked all year, leaving plenty of room for mistakes that could cause foodborne illness.

Turkeys may contain harmful bacteria that can be spread by improper handling and are only destroyed by properly cooking the turkey to a safe internal minimum temperature.
Similarly, leaving leftovers out for too long, or not taking care to properly clean cooking and serving surfaces, can lead to other types of illness.

Basic Food Safety Turkey Tips

To avoid making everyone at the table sick, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) offers basic tips for a food safe Thanksgiving:

Safe Preparation: Don’t Wash the Turkey

The USDA does not recommend washing raw meat and poultry before cooking. Washing raw meat and poultry can cause bacteria to spread up to three feet away. Cooking (baking, broiling, boiling, frying or grilling) meat and poultry to the right temperature is the only method to kill bacteria.

Safe Preparation: Defrosting or Thawing the Frozen Turkey

Thawing turkeys must be kept at a safe temperature. The “danger zone” is between 40 and 140°F — the temperature range where foodborne bacteria multiply rapidly. While frozen, a turkey is safe indefinitely, but as soon as it begins to thaw, bacteria that may have been present before freezing can begin to grow again, if it is in the “danger zone.”

There are three safe ways to thaw food: in the refrigerator, in cold water, and in a microwave oven.
Refrigerator Thawing
When thawing a turkey in the refrigerator:

• Plan ahead: allow approximately 24 hours for each 4 to 5 pounds in a refrigerator set at 40 °F or below.
• Place the turkey in a container to prevent the juices from dripping on other foods.

Refrigerator Thawing Times  – Whole turkey:

• 4 to 12 pounds — 1 to 3 days
• 12 to 16 pounds — 3 to 4 days
• 16 to 20 pounds — 4 to 5 days
• 20 to 24 pounds —5 to 6 days

A thawed turkey can remain in the refrigerator for 1 or 2 days before cooking. Foods thawed in the refrigerator can be refrozen without cooking but there may be some loss of quality.
Cold Water Thawing
Allow about 30 minutes per pound.

First be sure the turkey is in a leak-proof plastic bag to prevent cross-contamination and to prevent the turkey from absorbing water, resulting in a watery product.

Submerge the wrapped turkey in cold tap water. Change the water every 30 minutes until the turkey is thawed. Cook the turkey immediately after it is thawed.
Cold Water Thawing Times

• 4 to 12 pounds — 2 to 6 hours
• 12 to 16 pounds — 6 to 8 hours
• 16 to 20 pounds — 8 to 10 hours
• 20 to 24 pounds — 10 to 12 hours

A turkey thawed by the cold water method should be cooked immediately. After cooking, meat from the turkey can be refrozen.
Microwave Thawing
Follow the microwave oven manufacturer’s instruction when defrosting a turkey. Plan to cook it immediately after thawing because some areas of the food may become warm and begin to cook during microwaving. Holding partially cooked food is not recommended because any bacteria present wouldn’t have been destroyed.

A turkey thawed in the microwave must be cooked immediately.

Clean Thoroughly: Prevent Cross-Contamination

Bacteria present on raw poultry can contaminate your hands, utensils, and work surfaces as you prepare the turkey. If these areas are not cleaned thoroughly before working with other foods, bacteria from the raw poultry can then be transferred to  other foods. After working with raw poultry, always wash your hands, utensils, and work surfaces before they touch other foods.

Safe Cooking: Use a Meat Thermometer

The only way to determine if a turkey — or any meat, poultry or seafood — is completely cooked is to check its internal temperature with a food thermometer. A whole turkey should be checked in three locations:

• the innermost part of the thigh;
• the innermost part of the wing; and
• the thickest part of the breast.

Your thermometer should register 165 F in all three of these places.

Safe Leftovers: Store Properly

Portion the turkey and refrigerate it as soon as you can, within two hours of the turkey coming out of the oven. Leftovers will only last for four days in the refrigerator, so if you know you won’t use them right away, pack them into freezer bags or airtight containers and freeze.
For best quality, use your leftover turkey from the freezer within four months. After that, the leftovers will still be safe, but can dry out or lose flavor.

Safe Stuffing

For optimal safety and uniform doneness, cook the stuffing outside the turkey in a casserole dish. However, if you place stuffing inside the turkey, do so just before cooking, and use a food thermometer. Make sure the center of the stuffing reaches a safe minimum internal temperature of 165°F. Bacteria can survive in stuffing that has not reached 165°F, possibly resulting in foodborne illness.

Additional Turkey Food Safety Resources

• Let’s Talk Turkey Brochure (PDF)
• USDA – Thanksgiving Toolkit to Prevent Foodborne Illness
• Poultry Preparation – USDA
• Let’s Talk Turkey: A Consumer Guide to Safely Roasting a Turkey – USDA
• Turkey Basics: Handling Cooked Dinners & Leftovers – USDA
• Turkey Basics: Safe Cooking  – USDA, (Spanish language Turkey Basics)
• CDC Foodborne Illness
• CDC Food Safety